Thomas G. Siccama Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies

New Haven CT 06511 USA

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest LTER

U.S. Forest Service 271 Mast Rd. Durham NH 03824 USA

603-868-7643 603-868-7604 http://www.hubbardbrook.org Chuck Peters New York Botanical Garden

Bronx NY 10458 USA

associated researcher Gene Likens Institute of Ecosystem Studies

Millbrook NY 12545 USA

associated researcher F.H. Bormann Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies

New Haven CT 06511 USA

associated researcher

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Watershed 6 is a 13.23 ha watershed extending from the weir at 560 m to the ridge at 790 m. -71.743462 -71.735649 43.957001 43.949928 560 790 meter Year 1969 Ongoing Ongoing Thomas G. Siccama Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies

New Haven CT 06511 USA

(203)-432-5140 tgs3@pantheon.yale.edu U.S Forest Service

U.S. Forest Service 271 Mast Rd. Durham NH 03824 USA

603-868-7643 603-868-7604 http://www.hubbardbrook.org Hubbard Brook LTER

The forest floor was first sampled in 1969-70. Hydrology has been monitored since 1963, and stream water chemistry has been monitored since 1963. The watershed is forested by typical northern hardwood species (sugar maple, beech and yellow birch) on the lower 90 % of its area and by a montane boreal transition forest of red spruce, balsam fir and white birch on the highest 10%. Surveying techniques were used in 1965 to install a grid system of 208 grid cells, each 25 x 25 m square. These grid units serve as the coordinate system for sample plot selection. For more spatial information please visit the following links: http://www.hubbardbrook.org/watersheds/maps/w6_zones.htm and http://www.hubbardbrook.org/watersheds/w6_grid_elevations.htm. Sampling was initiated in 1969-1970, repeated in 1976, 1977, 1978, 1982 and at 5 year intervals after that. These data were collected in the summer of 1977. Repeated sampling at 5 year intervals is anticipated to continue.

Each row of the Watershed 6 grid system of 25 x 25 m cells was considered a stratified sampling set and one or more cells was randomly chosen from these lines as cells to be sampled. Some rows are short, with only 1 to 4 cells, and others are longer, up to 10 cells across. The longer rows may have 2 or 3 cells sampled. The short rows may not have any cells sampled. The location of the sampling plot within each cell was selected by an x-y random number system and the location determined by pacing in to the selected coordinates from the corner of the 25 x 25 m cell. 58 of the 208 cells were sampled in 1977.

Once a sampling point was located by pacing, a 15 x 15 cm wooden template was placed on the forest floor and 4 nails were placed through pre-drilled holes, one on each corner. This served to hold the template in place on the forest floor and retain the forest floor material within the sample area beneath the template. A keyhole saw, clippers and a trowel were used to make a clean cut around the template, thus isolating a block of forest floor. The surrounding forest floor material was scraped back from the block leaving it as a pedestal. This block was then undercut in the mineral soil with a saw or trowel to sever any roots. Using a trowel slid beneath the block and our hands on top, the block was carefully picked up and turned over such as to rest on the wooden template. Any remaining mineral soil was carefully scraped away "up" to the bottom of the Oa layer of the forest floor. After all such mineral soil was removed, the thickness of the block was measured at the highest and lowest point on each of the 4 sides (8 measurements). The block was then placed in total in a plastic bag for return to the laboratory. (Note that in some years the forest floor was divided into sub layers --Oi, Oe, Oa or combinations of these. In 1977 the whole of the forest floor was collected undivided).

The primary objectives of the forest floor samplings in 1976-1978 were 1) the determination of the amount of lead(Pb) in the forest floor, 2) monitoring the total mass of the forest floor over time and 3) development of a field collection methodology which was efficient and easily implemented. It was determined that separation of the forest floor at least into Oie and Oa, would have been better than no separation whatsoever, so this procedure was implemented from 1987 onwards. It was also determined that air drying the Oa would have been preferable to oven drying. Air drying makes possible the determination of exchangeable nutrients, whereas oven drying alters the cation exchange complex. Air drying of the Oa was implemented from 1992 onwards.

The forest floor mass was oven dried at 80 oC to a constant weight, then sieved through a 2 mm screen. Sticks (fresh solid woody debris) and roots (live) larger than 2-3 mm in diameter were removed and weighed separately. Material remaining on the sieve (usually bits of bark, solid seeds, bits of hard soil, wood bits and small stones) was then divided into "sinkers" and "floaters" by testing it in water. These components ("sinkers" and "floaters") were separated and again dried and weighed. The objective was to separate the stones from the wood and roots (organic matter) left on the screen. Material passing through the screen was weighed to determine the total weight of the sample, then ground in a Wiley mill to pass a 2 mm screen. Samples of the ground forest floor were put in 4 oz. glass jars for long term preservation in the Hubbard Brook archives. For determination of organic content and chemical analysis, a 2.0 g sample of the oven dry ground material was placed in a pre-weighed crucible and ashed overnight at 450 oC. The ashed material was cooled and weighed. The ash was eluted with 10 ml of 6N HNO3 and heated for a few minutes (to a simmer) on a hot plate. The hot extract solution was poured into a filter paper in a funnel and into a 50 ml volumetric flask. The crucible and the material on the filter paper were rinsed several times with distilled deionized water. Following these several rinsing, the volume in the flask was brought up to 50 ml with the distilled deionized water. The 50 ml of extract solution was then placed in 120 ml plastic bottles for storage until chemical analysis. The elements Zn, Pb and Cu were determined for each sample using an AA spectrophotometer. In 1995, a 0.5 g sample of oven dry ground material from each jar was ashed and eluted by the method described above. The elements Ca and Mg were determined for each sample using an ICP spectrometer. Carbon and nitrogen were determined using oven dried ground material on a CHN analyzer- C and N data are not yet available. These elements are being analyzed by Steve Hamburg at Brown University.

Concentrations of elements in the forest floor were calculated on an oven dry weight basis. Total amounts of the elements were estimated on a per square meter basis by extrapolating up from the 15 x 15 cm sample mass. Forest floor thickness, species contributing litter to the sample site, and E horizon intensity for each plot are given in dataTable 1. Forest floor component weights, total mass, organic matter mass, and LOI of the forest floor are presented in dataTable 2. Concentrations and amounts of Ca and Mg are presented in dataTable 3. Concentrations and amounts of Cu, Pb and Zn are presented in Table dataTable 4.

uid=HBR,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read W6 1977 forest floor data summary w677ffs.txt Plain text http://www.hubbardbrook.org/data/companion_files/forest_floor/w677ffs.txt Text file w677ffa Hubbard Brook Forest Floor Data - Watershed 6 1977 - 58 15x15 cm excavated blocks Element amounts w677ffa.txt ASCII 6 \r\n column 0x2c tempurl

Original field data sheets are in Greeley Lab, 370 Prospect Street, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Samples of forest floor material in jars will be located in the USFS archive building at the HBEF in Woodstock, NH.

Plot Plot# A counting number representing an existent plot Calcium (g/m2) Calcium amount for forest floor in total (g/m2) gramsPerSquareMeter .01 real Magnesium (g/m2) Magnesium amount for forest floor in total (g/m2) gramsPerSquareMeter .01 real Copper (g/m2) Copper amount for forest floor in total (g/m2) gramsPerSquareMeter .001 real Zinc (g/m2) Zinc amount for forest floor in total (g/m2) gramsPerSquareMeter .001 real Lead (g/m2) Lead amount for forest floor in total (g/m2) gramsPerSquareMeter .001 real w677ffc Hubbard Brook Forest Floor Data - Watershed 6 1977 - 58 15x15 cm excavated blocks Element concentrations w677ffc.txt ASCII 6 \r\n column 0x2c tempurl

Original field data sheets are in Greeley Lab, 370 Prospect Street, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Samples of forest floor material in jars will be located in the USFS archive building at the HBEF in Woodstock, NH.

Plot Plot# A counting number representing an existent plot Calcium (ppm) Calcium concentration in sample (ppm) number .1 real Magnesium (ppm) Magnesium concentration in sample (ppm) number .1 real Copper (ppm) Copper concentration in sample (ppm) number .01 real Zinc (ppm) Zinc concentration in sample (ppm) number .01 real Lead (ppm) Lead concentration in sample (ppm) number .01 real w677ffe Hubbard Brook Forest Floor Data - Watershed 6 1977 - 58 15x15 cm excavated blocks Field data w677ffe.txt ASCII 5 \r\n column 0x2c tempurl

Original field data sheets are in Greeley Lab, 370 Prospect Street, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Samples of forest floor material in jars will be located in the USFS archive building at the HBEF in Woodstock, NH.

Plot Plot# plots 1 to 208 from the top of the watershed to the base (not all plots were sampled) E Code E horizon development intensity 0 none/absent 1 "salt and pepper" 2 good 3 excellent Major species (1) One of the three most important species directly over the plot ACSA Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) FAGR Fagus grandifolia (American beech) BEAL Betula alleghaniensis (Yellow birch) FRAM Fraxinus americana (White ash) ACSP Acer spicatum (Mountain maple) ACPE Acer pensylvanicum (Striped maple or moose wood) ABBA Abies balsamea (Balsam fir) PIRU Picea rubens (Red spruce) BEPA Betula papyrifera (White or paper birch) SOAM Sorbus americana (Mountain ash) ACRU Acer rubrum (Red maple) XXXX Place holder when only one or two species are present in table Major species (2) One of the three most important species directly over the plot ACSA Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) FAGR Fagus grandifolia (American beech) BEAL Betula alleghaniensis (Yellow birch) FRAM Fraxinus americana (White ash) ACSP Acer spicatum (Mountain maple) ACPE Acer pensylvanicum (Striped maple or moose wood) ABBA Abies balsamea (Balsam fir) PIRU Picea rubens (Red spruce) BEPA Betula papyrifera (White or paper birch) SOAM Sorbus americana (Mountain ash) ACRU Acer rubrum (Red maple) XXXX Place holder when only one or two species are present in table Major species (3) One of the three most important species directly over the plot ACSA Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) FAGR Fagus grandifolia (American beech) BEAL Betula alleghaniensis (Yellow birch) FRAM Fraxinus americana (White ash) ACSP Acer spicatum (Mountain maple) ACPE Acer pensylvanicum (Striped maple or moose wood) ABBA Abies balsamea (Balsam fir) PIRU Picea rubens (Red spruce) BEPA Betula papyrifera (White or paper birch) SOAM Sorbus americana (Mountain ash) ACRU Acer rubrum (Red maple) XXXX Place holder when only one or two species are present in table Total thickness (cm) (1) One of eight measures of thickness of forest floor block (in centimeters) centimeter .1 real Total thickness (cm) (2) One of eight measures of thickness of forest floor block (in centimeters) centimeter .1 real Total thickness (cm) (3) One of eight measures of thickness of forest floor block (in centimeters) centimeter .1 real Total thickness (cm) (4) One of eight measures of thickness of forest floor block (in centimeters) centimeter .1 real Total thickness (cm) (5) One of eight measures of thickness of forest floor block (in centimeters) centimeter .1 real Total thickness (cm) (6) One of eight measures of thickness of forest floor block (in centimeters) centimeter .1 real Total thickness (cm) (7) One of eight measures of thickness of forest floor block (in centimeters) centimeter .1 real Total thickness (cm) (8) One of eight measures of thickness of forest floor block (in centimeters) centimeter .1 real w677ffm Hubbard Brook Forest Floor Data - Watershed 6 1977 - 58 15x15 cm excavated blocks Mass data w677ffm.txt ASCII 6 \r\n column 0x2c tempurl

Original field data sheets are in Greeley Lab, 370 Prospect Street, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Samples of forest floor material in jars will be located in the USFS archive building at the HBEF in Woodstock, NH.

Plot Plot# A counting number representing an existent plot Total mass (kg/m2) Oven dry wt of total mass of forest floor (kg/m2) kilogramsPerSquareMeter .01 real OM Mass (kg/m2) Oven dry wt of organic matter mass of forest floor from 1977 analysis (kg/m2) kilogramsPerSquareMeter .01 real LOI % 1977 Loss on Ignition of forest floor from 1977 analysis (%) dimensionless .01 real LOI % 1995 Loss on Ignition of forest floor from 1995 analysis (%) dimensionless .01 real